Advances of nanotechnologies for hydraulic fracturing of coal seam gas reservoirs: potential applications and some limitations in Australia

Abstract Some of the most promising potential applications nanotechnology to hydraulic fracturing coal seam gas (CSG) are reviewed with a focus on Australian CSG wells. Three propitious were identified: (1) Nanoparticle enhanced viscoelastic surfactants (VES) fluids prevent fluid loss by up 30%, made possible formation pseudo-filter cakes and reducing viscosity VES fluids. Besides, there is no requirement clay control additives or biocides. (2) Nano-proppants extend fracture networks reduce proppant embedment introducing them prior emplacement larger proppants. Fly Ash nanoparticles can be particularly effective because their high sphericity mechanical strength. (3) Nanoparticle-coated proppants, mitigate migration particle fines restricting close source adsorption, MgO being effective. The use in currently hindered due discordant regulatory environment compounded cost themselves, as well as, lack field data validate technology under real downhole conditions. Although necessary tests unlikely conducted for long abundant natural available, exploratory studies could pave way future applications. Graphical abstract